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Ottoman wars in Europe
The Ottoman wars in Europe, also known as the Ottoman Wars or Turkish Wars, were a series of military conflicts between the Ottoman Empire and various European states dating from the Late Middle Ages up through the early 20th century. The earliest conflicts began during the Byzantine–Ottoman Wars in the 13th century, followed by the Bulgarian–Ottoman Wars and the Serbian–Ottoman Wars in the 14th century. Much of this period was defined by Ottoman expansion into the Balkans and modern-day Serbia, which allowed the Empire to gain a foothold in eastern Europe. The Ottoman Empire made further inroads into Central Europe in the 15th and 16th centuries, culminating in the peak of Turkish territorial claims in Europe. There was a backslide in Ottoman military dominance after the unsuccessful Siege of Vienna in 1529 and the Ottoman-Habsburg wars. European powers began to consolidate against the Ottomans and formed the Holy League, reversing a number of Ottoman land gains during the Great Turkish War of the late 1600s.
This period was followed by insurrections from Christian peoples under Ottoman subjugation, culminating in the Serbian revolution (1804–1817) and the Greek War of Independence (1821–1832). This occurred in tandem with the Russo-Turkish Wars and the Polish-Ottoman Wars, which rolled back much of the remaining Ottoman encroachment in Europe. The final pushback against Ottoman control came with the signing of the Treaty of Sevres at the close of World War I.
There remained some residual conflict following World War I, with Greece expressing discontent at its newly drawn borders and the Armenian people remaining in a state of conflict with the Turks following the ravages of the 1915-1918 Armenian Genocide. While the Treaty of Sevres granted full Armenian sovereignty, there was outrage that they were not granted land access to the Black Sea per the earlier promises of President Woodrow Wilson. Turkey had difficulty obeying some of the precepts outlined in the Treaty of Sevres, and broke its cease-fire against the Armenians almost immediately. This resulted in Turkey forcibly reclaiming some of its lost territory, and a weakened Armenia falling easily to Soviet occupation. Modern-day Turkish and Armenian borders were established during the 1921 Treaty of Moscow, with many contemporary Armenians still holding the territorial limitations to be illegitimate.
== Rise (1299–1453) ==
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